C. J. Chivers has written a great piece on using military troops in civil disorders.
Chivers was a Marine, and participated in one of these exercises many years ago. He shares his own feelings and what he sees now as a reporter. His writing about military issues, particularly the feelings of the troops, is as sensitive as anything I’ve seen anywhere. He’s a great writer.
[Disclosure: I know him a little from having been a source on technical material at various times.]It is a long read, so there’s no one piece I can pull out to summarize it. Here are a few samples:
How a government prepares for and uses violence — including when, why and against whom — contains on some level a declaration about what kind of government that government is. At Tustin, we passed out ammunition, quickly practiced riot-control formations in front of television-news crews and then headed into Los Angeles and cities nearby. As my company arrived in Compton, I’d like to say we understood the context of the role we were given: that even a limited Marine deployment in a genuinely extreme situation would run inevitably into the ugly history of state force in the United States, and who receives the brunt of it. But domestic crowd control had never been our specialty, and because this was 1992, a time before Google and smartphones, we could not readily call anyone or look anything up.
After the mass demonstrations following a white Minneapolis police officer’s killing of George Floyd while his fellow officers looked on, officials in the United States deliberated once again over whether to send American combat troops into cities. The discussion was driven by threats or calls for military action from both President Trump and Senator Tom Cotton, who urged “no quarter” against “insurrectionists, anarchists, rioters and looters” — a proposal for merciless violence against American citizens, including in ill-defined categories, that sounded both reckless and illegal. Official threats of state violence can be little more than performance, a kind of law-and-order signaling, and it was not clear how seriously Trump considered following through. But it was impossible, upon hearing Trump’s and Cotton’s bellicosity, not to remember how close my Marines came, in the confusion of a job they were not trained to do, to killing a child.
Baku, Azerbaijan, 2005: The degree of control was chilling, reflecting the unstated but perfectly clear logic of a confident, contemptuous power. It was not just that in any contest for the street, the government and its forces enjoyed a lopsided advantage and would use it — a position hardly unique to authoritarian rule. It was that the kleptocracy wanted this crackdown seen and transmitted, so any would-be Azeri activists would know what to expect if they challenged the state’s central tenet, which was that the Aliyevs would never willingly yield what they saw as theirs. Brute force and the ability to command it — not elections — determined who got to hold power and run the national rackets. State violence did more than clear the streets. It served as lesson and show. Almost 15 years later, Ilham Aliyev is still president.
Read the whole thing. And open thread!
Ben Cisco
Finally back on my feet full-time after tearing a muscle in my back. Just in time to 1) head back to the office for several days per week and 2) move into my new home, delayed just after closing due to said torn muscle. At least I’m not lacking for things to do.
schrodingers_cat
@Ben Cisco: Ouch sounds painful. Speedy recovery to you, Emissary.
Goku (aka Amerikan Baka)
Why isn’t Azerbaijan under sanctions, at the very least? We’ll put regimes like North Korea under sanctions, but not this piece of shit? Why? Because they oil?
Mike in NC
C. J. Chivers wrote a fascinating history of the AK-47, one of the most common firearms in the world, called “The Gun”.
raven
” It seemed clear enough that machine guns would almost certainly be disproportionate to the situation in Los Angeles,”
Not to the Korean shopkeepers.
Omnes Omnibus
@Goku (aka Amerikan Baka): Do you know anything about the region? History? International relations? Economics?
Ben Cisco
@schrodingers_cat: Thanks. As one of our own has stated many times, getting older isn’t for wusses. I have to admit I didn’t have “tearing a muscle due to coughing fit” on my Old Man Bingo card. I wholeheartedly advise against the experience.
Gin & Tonic
Chivers is indeed a good writer, and he is now a Rhode Islander.
The Moar You Know
@Goku (aka Amerikan Baka): Sanctions are for the worst of the worst; NK assuredly qualifies. As does Russia. Iran gets them because we don’t want them going nuclear. They will anyway, we have been fucking up with them since 1977 and I don’t see that changing until they get their bomb.
I’m not seeing the case for it with these guys. Yeah, they’re not nice and they’re not a democracy. They’re also not launching invasions of their neighbors nor sending large numbers of their own to prison camps. If declaring a government for life and ending the vote are enough criteria for sanctions, we’ve got to put most of the world under sanctions. Starting with the entire Middle East.
raven
@Gin & Tonic: I just ordered “Fighters”.
Gin & Tonic
@raven: I have too many books on my “really should read” list. And work isn’t letting up.
Fraud Guy
Seems like I have heard this before:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Is_a_Racket
The Moar You Know
@Mike in NC: It is so much more than that. If a person were in any way curious about modern firearms – the book covers that. Interested in what happens to a human being when they’re shot? Covers that too (spoiler: you don’t ever want to get shot). Curious about precision machine work at a factory scale? Covers that as well. Curious about the politics of arms sales? This is also for you. Wondering how armed forces decide what to outfit their troops with? Probably no better source than this tome. Easily one of the ten best books I’ve ever read. And yes, in addition to everything else I cite, it does an exhaustively complete job of detailing the origin, issuance, and eventual worldwide distribution of the AK-47.
JMG
Just a heads up. Tomorrow the Times is beginning a series of polls conducted by its partner Siena College and its numbers cruncher Nate Cohn. National poll, then six swing states. Expect these polls to be MUCH closer than all other leading polls. Cohn, who was way off in ’16, now weights for education more than any other factor. His polls in ’19 showing Biden with like a two-point lead or less in the swing states and all other Dems trailing Trump significantly probably croaked the Warren campaign. That’s neither here nor there, he’s honest and very very open about their methodology. But do not freak out when this happens.
JMG
One more thing. Expect the numbers guys to trumpet these polls to the skies if they turn out as I expect (might not after all). They all root for a close race even more than the conventional political reporters do. If an election isn’t close, the poll soothsayers aren’t really needed.
catclub
Nope, Iran gets them because they took our diplomats hostage 40 years ago. And the US government has no way to say: “The Saudis are terrible allies, lets drop them.”
?BillinGlendaleCA
@Gin & Tonic:
We’ll try not to hold that against him.
?BillinGlendaleCA
@catclub:
No junkie pisses off his dealer.
raven
@Gin & Tonic: Here’s my “Citation” from The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantation!
Chief Oshkosh
@Gin & Tonic: I believe that’s “rohdyelander”
Evil_Paul
@Goku (aka Amerikan Baka): As others have already pointed out, it’s not just how bad the government is but what sort of unintended consequences might erupt. Destabilizing Azerbaijan could invite the attention of Russia and Iran (more so than already) and add another point of chaos to an already precarious region.
Plus, at the moment, the Azeri government has some powerful friends…
https://archive.thinkprogress.org/ivankas-real-estate-deals-corruption-33f65f778d0f/
gbbalto
@The Moar You Know: Fun fact! Mikhail Kalashnikov was an NRA Life Member. Sort of makes sense…
Martin
@Goku (aka Amerikan Baka): Sanctions are for those that present external threats. That’s why NK and Iran have them, and Saudi Arabia does not.
Of course we reference civil rights violations, but that’s a bit of a dangerous game to center your sanctions on.
Put another way, nations defend their sovereignty. The US defends our right for Nazis to march in the town square under their first amendment protections, something that is unthinkable across much of Europe.
mali muso
Open thread? Anyone else hanging out online for the Biden/Obama virtual fundraiser?
WaterGirl
If you still want to get in on the Obama-Biden fundraiser today at 5:15 ET, you still have 6 minutes to donate and be allowed entry.
Martin
@?BillinGlendaleCA: We get zero oil from SA. We either support them as a proxy support for Europe (who does need their oil) or as a holder of petrodollars, which stabilizes our currency, or as a counterbalance to Iran (the wisdom I question since I suspect Iran could be a more reliable partner to the US than SA is).
Chyron HR
@JMG:
Wouldn’t weighing for education help the Democrat? Or do you mean “lack of education”?
JMG
@Chyron HR: Levels of education. No matter who actually responds to the poll, Cohn weights it to reflect that only 34 percent of registered voters have a college degree or postgrad. Now 21 percent have “some college.” That is a big slice and a demo I don’t think gets enough attention.
Martin
@Chyron HR: No, polling is two models – one a demographic model to ensure you’re polling a proper cross-section of the population and then another model to apply the results of the poll to the population at large.
Since Trump/nonTrump support divides much more strongly along education lines than any previous presidential contest, 2016 pollsters who underweighted education or didn’t include it at all really struggled to get accurate results.
trollhattan
@Martin:
IDK anything about the actual sources of imported oil, but don’t we have to import certain oil types, e.g., “light sweet crude” for certain purposes? IIUC a lot of the stuff we frack is crap and the stuff from Canada is particularly awful–hardly oil.
Read that Apple’s cap value is now more than that of the entire oil and gas industry combined. COVID could be hastening their sunsetting as a predominant global force. Wouldn’t that be horrible?
Just Chuck
@Martin: It may not be the oil supply, but the petrodollars are still a big deal. They sell us influence, that influence helps prop up their repressive regime and we’re addicted to the power. Power we had until the current “leadership” squandered it anyway.
?BillinGlendaleCA
@Martin: I’d wager that some of the remaining east coast refineries still run on Saudi crude. It takes quite a bit of investment to change the crude a refinery is optimized for.
Just Chuck
@trollhattan: Fracking extracts natural gas, not oil.
Jeffro
WaPo: was trumpov lying about trying to kill you, or actively working at it?
CNN: trumpov has lead us to a place of weakness that is simply unimaginable
MisterForkbeard
Off Topic: I don’t suppose we can get a thread up for the Obama/Biden fundraiser and Q&A, can we?
japa21
@WaterGirl: I gave and never got anything allowing me to get in. He just lost my vote. //
J R in WV
@Just Chuck:
Well, no. It does both, actually. Different formations it works better for gas or oil, depending upon the formation and the availability of oil or gas. But both, actually~!!~
MisterForkbeard
@japa21: I only got my invite about 30 minutes ago. :)
Martin
@trollhattan: No, we’re good. Yes, we import some from Canada and Mexico, but the stuff coming out of Bakken due to fracking is the good stuff. Fracking can be used to get the residual garbage out of existing fields (CA, PA, etc.) or getting good oil out of shale deposits, which is what North Dakota is all about.
Refineries can tweak what they extract to some degree, so europe is tweaked toward diesel and the us toward gasoline. You get tar (which we don’t want – it’s almost perfectly recyclable) and a bunch of other heavy garbage that we package up and stuff in large ships as bunker fuel (why they’re so polluting), and at the other end lighter stuff like kerosene which we put in aircraft as well as various other distillates – lubricants and other flammable gases and such.
The whole process is constrained by gasoline – that’s what we in short supply of, and almost everything else that comes out of a barrel of oil we make too much of and export. But we’re now able to extract more oil than we need for gasoline, so we’re exporting that too. That’s why the dakota pipeline was such bullshit – it wasn’t to help our dependency on foreign oil, it was to increase our exports.
japa21
@MisterForkbeard: I gave 2 times. One to be invited and once to possible have a special session with the two of them. Not counting all the other frigging times I gave. I’m done with him.
catclub
@Martin: Thanks. said more diplomatically than I was starting to type.
Calouste
@trollhattan: Maybe Apple is worth more than the oil and gas industry in the US, but Saudi Aramco (Saudi state oil company) is the company with the highest market cap in the world.
Chyron HR
@JMG:
I guess stupid babies really do need the most attention.
catclub
@J R in WV: or for wasting natural gas if there are no gas pipelines where your new well is located.
NG is fabulously effective greenhouse gas. knowing how much we vent off would be… depressing. So we make sure not to know.
catclub
@Chyron HR: The buzz about the youngs voting more this cycle – they did in 2018 – is interesting.
If true, all the previous turnout models will be wrong.
Martin
@?BillinGlendaleCA: Odds are that’s north atlantic, not SA.
I mean, it’s a global market. There are always points where it’ll make economic sense to ship it all the way from the middle east to north america, but it’s also a fungible commodity for the most part. As soon as you touch that refinery, you’ll try and make it work for north atlantic rather than middle east because it’ll be cheaper (or Bakken – those oil trains like the one that destroyed Lac Mégantic were running oil from North Dakota to the northeast refineries). And half of Europe is closer to the middle east than norway anyway, so as long as there is refining capacity around the mediterranean that probably works out okay for them too.
Simply put, filling big ships and sending them across oceans is a thing to be avoided if possible because it’s kind of expensive. That’s part of what the Russian/OPEC price war was about – dropping the price of oil low enough that it became cheaper to conventionally drill and ship than to frack (which is relatively expensive) thereby shutting down operations like North Dakota and making it so we’d send those big ships across the ocean some more. Turns out Covid fucked that plan up. Demand fell off so quickly relative to the supply chain’s ability to slow down that light sweet crude prices in the midwest briefly went negative because nobody needed it and we ran out of storage for what was in the supply chain. We were paying people to move it elsewhere in the country. We shut down some of North Dakota simply because we stopped driving and flying, not because of a price war across the planet.
MisterForkbeard
@japa21: Oh wait, you’re actually serious? Okay then
EDIT: I just checked, and I got the initial link to the event immediate after donating back on June 16th – it was in the “You just donated, thank you” mail.
J R in WV
I get a lot of email from candidates and their campaigns. I must confess, I don’t want to spend time listening to politicians, even pols I agree with totally, like Senator Duckworth, Senator Harris, Congresswoman Demmings, etc.
So I just contribute to campaigns I think are worthy and that need our help. Many (well, two) Native American congressional candidates, liberals in red states, Jamie Harrison in SC running against Senator Graham, etc.
I’m not interested in their online meetups, nor real life meetups.
?BillinGlendaleCA
@Martin:
Nope, they ran on Saudi crude and I bet they still do.
It’s a global market, but for each refinery, it’s not. They’re optimized to run on specific crude and it takes more than twisting a few dials to change that. West Coast refineries are optimized for ANS, the Gulf Coast is optimized for Texas oil.
Geminid
@JMG: 40 years ago the college educated skewed republican. Now they tend to vote Democratic, especially the younger cohorts. That is one of the main demographic factors that informed the model used by political scientist Rachel Bitecoffer to predict a 42 seat Democratic pickup in the 2018 congressional elections. In the event, 41 Democrats picked up seats, including Underwood and Casten outside Chicago, Sherrill in New Jersey, Spanburger in suburban Richmond Va., McBath in Fulton Cty. Ga., and Fletcher and Allred in suburban Houston and Dallas. And others, with several in Orange County Ca. All these districts have higher levels of education, and because of Trump a lot of previously unengaged college educated people, especially women, came off the sidelines and voted for Democrats.
Le Comte de Monte Cristo, fka Edmund Dantes
Europe is now long-term closed to American travelers. Caribbean destinations will be making similar moves soon.
Whispers from wife’s worldwide vendors (5 star destinations) about this led her to cash out every dime of equities in her retirement funds last week. The crash is coming.
Cheryl from Maryland
The anecdote I found the most chilling in Mr. Chivers’ article was when in his 1992 deployment that the local cops asked Marines to fire into a house where there was a domestic disturbance, totally unconnected with the riots, and that some Marines did so. The second item I found disturbing was the lying by the police in the recent protest in Rhode Island about whether or not the police had a BEARcat ready to deploy. These people are not trustworthy.
Goku (aka Amerikan Baka)
@Omnes Omnibus:
If I’m being truthful, not really.
@The Moar You Know:
@Evil_Paul:
@Martin:
Thanks for your explanations and they do make sense. It’s just awful that there’s not more than can be done to help people around the world having to live under these terrible regimes
WaterGirl
@MisterForkbeard:
Post is up.
@japa21:
I got an email with a link, didn’t you?
?BillinGlendaleCA
@Le Comte de Monte Cristo, fka Edmund Dantes: Trump’s going to lift the state of emergency, everything is going to just ok.
WaterGirl
@MisterForkbeard: Rut roh.
Goku (aka Amerikan Baka)
@Le Comte de Monte Cristo, fka Edmund Dantes:
All that bullshit about downplaying the virus by Trump to prop up the stock market will be for nothing. Reality always wins in the end
I’m glad I never ended up investing in ETFs and the like
jayjaybear
You misspelled 1953.
MisterForkbeard
@WaterGirl: Right – initially I’d THOUGHT I hadn’t gotten the link, and then realized that I had. I ended up giving Biden a bit more cash, actually – something that I was going to do when he answered a question in a way that I liked.
Martin
@Calouste: Hard to gauge SA market value given that it doesn’t trade in a market. And any state-backed enterprise like that is hard to value. Amtrak and the USPS would both be pretty highly valued and equally would rapidly go out of business if they were turned into fully private entities. Put another way, monopolies are always highly valued, by definition.
Regarding Apples market cap, I think some of that does reflect an expected economic shift toward increased remote work and increased digital processes. But more of it reflects a broader shift in consumer spending. A few years ago, back in the late iPod era, some analysts were predicting that Apple would pull in more revenue than there appeared to be in the consumer electronics space that they were competing. And a number of economists called bullshit on that. But it turns out Apple pulled in even more revenue from that, they took that spending from apparel. Turns out kids wanted iPods more than they wanted new clothes.
Right now, where is everyones vacation money going? The expectation is that a lot of it is going into devices for the kids to zoom to school, and so on.
The recent run up is the split from Intel. I would not hold Intel stock right now. They’re showing all the early signs of a company in trouble.
japa21
@WaterGirl: Nope
WaterGirl
@japa21: I put a link up in the new thread – if you click it, you may be asked for your email etc so you can see it. I can’t check it because I’m already watching it.
Martin
@Goku (aka Amerikan Baka): I agree. Leading by example is a good start. We really ought to consider doing that again.
Ceci n est pas mon nym
@japa21: I gave once. I got an email reminder with link as promised. I’m watching it now.
https://live.joebiden.com/c/grassroots-fundraiser-Obama
Esit: Just checked the email. That’s not the original link. It probably redirected after validating my identity.
The email came from joebiden.com. Maybe it’s in your spam filter.
schrodingers_cat
@Le Comte de Monte Cristo, fka Edmund Dantes: No long term work visas* are going to be issued till the end of the year either.
There are some exemptions but right now it is confusing as to who can apply for them.
LivingInExile
@jayjaybear: Exactly
The Pale Scot
@Martin:
Uh, Madrassas? 9/11? Yemen?
Goku (aka Amerikan Baka)
From Cal Matters on June 8: It’s time to end the state of emergency over COVID-19 (This hasn’t aged well has it?)
ETA:
Same people behind this: What’s your risk from coronavirus? Lower than we think, new study suggests
That sounds more political than scientific, to me
Ruckus
@Ben Cisco:
That’s fun stuff, that back muscle stuff. Full recovery I hope.
debbie
@Ben Cisco:
I have done just about everything one can do to a back muscle except tear it. I can’t imagine that pain, and you have my full sympathy.
polyorchnid octopunch
@catclub: No, Iran gets them because they tossed the American Oil Firm Client Regime, not because they took hostages.
Martin
@The Pale Scot: That’s fair, but they aren’t direct military threats to US interests. Yemen is complicated in that it’s a proxy between Iran and SA, and we already chose our side in that one (and it wasn’t the people of Yemen).
Cameron
@Martin: No question Iran would be a more reliable partner, but the Swinish Oaf torpedoed that. Not because of any particular geopolitical strategy, just to tell President Obama, “You’re not the boss of me!”
Martin
@Goku (aka Amerikan Baka): Oh, no, it’s very scientific. I’ve been talking somewhat to the UCLA folks on this.
What I’m trying to do in my work right now is figure out where the specific risks are. And that’s insanely hard to figure out, especially for something you can’t ethically blind test.
For instance, part of my model is where we do temperature checks. If we do them in the classroom, I don’t need to hire people to do that job – I can have instructors do it, and I can use that money to hire more instructors and spread students out more. But if they transmit it from the entrance to the building to the classroom (possibly via an elevator) then it’s counterproductive and I need to test at the entrance to the building.
Is distance the problem or is recycled air the problem? Is it safer to have students together outside or spread out inside an air conditioned space? Is passing other students in the hallway a problem, when that contact is so brief.
Right now, we know that cases are growing a given rate and deaths at a given rate. That’s good for gauging more precautions or less precautions, but it doesn’t tell us which precautions. If I can let a surveying class go ahead because they’re outside and communal touching of the transit isn’t a concern, then I can free up resources for other classes. If elevators are serious risk, I can plan around that – I can keep classes off of upper floors and close elevators to general use, but everyone is completely ignoring elevators. Maybe they aren’t a problem? I don’t know. My sense is they should be a big problem, but maybe the duration of contact is too brief?
This is what they’re referring to. We have this sense of ‘we need to do stuff’ without ‘stuff’ being well quantified and classified.
Goku (aka Amerikan Baka)
@Martin:
From what I understood, they’re downplaying the risks of the virus itself. I’m always immediately suspicious when I see that. Just like that Italian “specialist” that claimed the coronavirus was somehow “weakening” and would disappear on it’s own
Ihop
@Goku (aka Amerikan Baka): I apologize if someone else has mentioned this up thread, but there are serious questions about trump tower Baku, Ivanka and the Iranian revolutionary guard. Give it a look.
Martin
@Goku (aka Amerikan Baka): I don’t think that’s the case. I think it’s the case that we haven’t done a good job evaluating what the true risks are.
This paper (now that I’ve read it) tries to help answer one of my questions. Without getting too much in the weeds, I’m trying to figure out the degree to which we can reduce student contacts while still providing a reasonable educational experience. At some point, we can reduce it below outbreak threshold. I can’t keep them from getting sick, I just need to ensure they get sick no faster than if they weren’t at college. So, what does that look like.
So they’re trying to quantify that. The paper suggests one infection for every 4000 contacts (range of 600-31000, so a lot of error on that one). You can imagine that in a large university you hit 4,000 contacts in pretty short order – for both students and staff (assuming we have a starting infection rate comparable to the community rate). If we can get that down to 400 a day, it means we’re still screwed, but weekly testing should be able to remove students from the population before they spread it that much. At around 50 contacts a day, we’re probably around R0=1, with some regular testing (every few weeks) and aggressive quarantining.
It’s not about downplaying the risk. That’s a matter for how the reader interprets the paper, and any scientific paper can be chosen to be interpreted however one wishes. But, for instance, one were to attend, I don’t know, a presidential rally with 6,000 people, all of whom are funneled through various chokepoints, bathrooms, and so on. Assuming enough mixing of attendees, you would have approximately a 100% chance of contracting Covid assuming the people attending were infected at the community rate, so that represents a pretty seriously high risk. But if you go out every day and buy coffee and interact with only one barista in that process, it’ll take you years to contract it (statistically speaking).
For me, this paper is helpful. It doesn’t inform my model any, but it does give me a ballpark metric to test against. If I’m seeing an infection per 100 contacts, I did it wrong. If it’s 100,000 contacts, I did it wrong. If its in the low thousands, then it might not be that wrong.
The Pale Scot
@Martin:
Just the Madrassas then. Wahhibi fundamentalism and it’s ilk is the cause of a religion that was tolerant within the bounds of its cultural norms comparable to Christianity turning into a fossilized Borg like society (no images of living things, no shrines or other holy sites allowed, thinking about anything but Allah is dangerous diversion that should be avoided, woman are property). The Wahhabis make old Scottish Calvinists look like a band of tipsy revelers at the Greenwich Village Gay Pride Parade.
Percy Cox and St John Philby should be dug up and hung for feeding and grooming this malignity. Preventing the emergence of the Petrodollar would have decentralized the world economy and restricted U.S. fantasies of being the World Cop
And members of the royal family funneling money to the 9/11 hijackers and then making the FBI fly the family out before they could be questioned isn’t “against U.S. interests?
Bill Arnold
@Goku (aka Amerikan Baka):
The paper[2] only estimates (well, is a framework for estimating) “hospitalizations, and deaths”. (and infections)
There is an emerging understanding that there are mid to possibly lifelong consequences in some subset of people that are infected but recover, even if asymptomatic. [1]. It is unclear what the costs will be; it could well be that there will be hundreds of billions or even trillions of dollars in long term medical costs (e.g. we don’t know how long-term they will be, but lung damage, heart damage, kidney damage, brain damage) if we go down the path of “let the old people die for the economy, and if we’re lucky we can collect our inheritances early.” A risk argument that ignores long term risks should not be taken seriously, unless one is (selfishly) not concerned about the long-term.
Frankly, if that team were focused on real stuff, like the utility of face coverings and the utility of hand sanitation vs COVID-19, they might have come up with an argument for a set of measures that minimizes risk; they might have been a force for good. As it is they are a willing part of a sciency veneer used by death cultists to disguise their selfishness.
[1] Here’s a set of anecdotes. A Mount Sinai autopsy study was also alarming, and there are other such studies. What they don’t tell you about surviving COVID-19 – ‘Recovered’ doesn’t mean healthy again (Mike Moffitt, June 22, 2020)
[2] Estimated AverageProbabilitiesofCOVID-19Infection, Hospitalization, and Death From CommunityContactin the United States (Rajiv Bhatia, Jeffrey Klausner, June 12, 2020)
Drdavechemist
@Gin & Tonic: I just figured out that one of my kids and one of his went to school together. The name sounded familiar but I didn’t connect the nationally recognized journalist with my kid’s classmate for some reason. Will have to start paying more attention.